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M1zrak, Keith Marzullo, Stefan Savage University of California, San Diego,S $, 4 IntroductionModern packet switched data networks. Data forwarded hop-by-hop from router to router towards destination. Routers can be compromised, To attack on the data plane: E.g. alter, misroute, drop, reorder, delay or fabricate data packets.:FF Introduction>Goal: Fault tolerant forwarding in the face of malicious routers. Approach: Given a routing protocol, the decisions that routers make are predictable. & so this problem is a candidate for anomaly-based intrusion detection Outline Traffic Validation Distributed Detection CountermeasureP<P PKPIPP8P K&        8  1Traffic Validation,Way to tell that traffic isn t disrupted en route Traffic Summary Information: How to concisely represent tv_infor? The most precise description of traffic at a router an exact copy of that traffic. Many characteristics of the traffic can be summarized far more concisely: Conservation of flow: a counter Conservation of content: a set of fingerprints Conservation of content order: a list of fingerprints OYJN"4J  ,j%0Traffic ValidationAIn an idealized network, TV might check tv_infori = tv_inforj However, real networks occasionally Lose packet due to congestion. Reorder packets due to internal multiplexing. Corrupt packets due to interface errors. Transport protocols deal with such problems. TV needs to notice when such behaviors become excessive. )ZZ$ZvZgZ $  $v[ P)  Distributed DetectionzDetect suspicious path segments, not individual routers. An FD returns a pair (p,t) where p is a path segment: -Accuracy: An FD is -Accurate if, whenever a correct router suspects (p,t), then |p| d"  and some router r p was faulty during t. -Completeness: An FD is -Complete if, whenever a router r is faulty at some time t, then all correct routers eventually suspect (p,t) such that |p| d"  r was faulty in p during t containing t. oZ%ZcZ)ZlZ1ZZ $         0         oE,+2Protocol Pk+2( dA router r monitors all path segments, p: p has r at one end |p| d" k+2. k is the maximum number of adjacent faulty routers along a path. Properties: Pk+2 is (k+2)-Accurate: Pk+2 is (k+2)-Complete. Overhead: This algorithm has reasonable overhead For each forwarded packet compute a fingerprint. Each router must synchronize and authenticate with the other end of each path segment that it monitors . Only path segments between nearby routers are monitored. Dissemination of the suspected path segments can be integrated into the link state flooding mechanism. 2*P PAP P0P1P:PP  @                        1z ResponseWhat happens as a result of a detection? Inform the administrator. Immediate action: Ideally would be part of the link state protocol. That excludes suspected path segments from the routing fabric. N),q),q $Current StatusP We have implemented a prototype system, called Fatih. Still work-in-progress :O00'The end Thank you&  5 Some protocols ,WATCHERS [UC, Davis]: 2-accurate Not complete Highly Secure and Efficient Routing [Avrampoulos et al.]: 2-accurate 2-complete Extremely expensive: per packet monitoring, source routing, seq numbers, authentication, reserved buffers, timeouts, increase in packet size Early Detection of Message Forwarding Faults [Herzberg et al.]: 2-accurate 2-complete Suffers from the high overhead. 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